Gynaecological cancers
Cervical Cancer: Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment
Cervical cancer develops in the cells of the cervix, which is the lower part of the womb that connects to the vagina. It can affect women of any age, although it is more common in women who are older.
Cervical cancer can often be detected at an early stage through cervical screening. However, it is still important to be aware of the symptoms and to seek medical advice if you notice changes that are unusual for you.
At Gynae Solution, we understand that symptoms relating to your reproductive health can be worrying. Specialist assessment can help establish the cause of your symptoms and, where necessary, ensure that appropriate investigations and treatment are arranged.
What Is Cervical Cancer?
The cervix is the lower, narrow part of the womb (uterus) that opens into the vagina. Cervical cancer occurs when abnormal cells in the cervix begin to grow and divide in an uncontrolled way.
Most cervical cancers are associated with persistent infection with certain high-risk types of human papillomavirus (HPV). HPV is extremely common and, in most people, the infection clears naturally without causing problems. In a small number of people, however, persistent high-risk HPV infection can cause changes in the cells of the cervix. Over time, some of these changes can develop into cancer if they are not identified and treated.
Cervical cancer can usually be detected at an early stage, particularly through regular cervical screening.
Symptoms of Cervical Cancer
Early cervical cancer does not always cause noticeable symptoms. This is one reason why attending cervical screening when invited is so important.
When symptoms do occur, they can include:
- Unusual vaginal bleeding
- Bleeding after sexual intercourse
- Bleeding between periods
- Heavier or longer periods than usual
- Vaginal bleeding after the menopause
- Unusual or unpleasant-smelling vaginal discharge
- Pain or discomfort during sexual intercourse
- Persistent pelvic pain
- Lower back pain
These symptoms can have many different causes and do not necessarily mean that you have cervical cancer. However, if you experience unusual bleeding, persistent pelvic pain or other symptoms that are new for you, it is important to speak to your GP.
If you have been referred for further investigation following cervical screening or because of symptoms, this does not necessarily mean that cancer has been diagnosed. Further tests are often needed to understand what is causing the changes or symptoms.
Causes and Risk Factors
The main cause associated with cervical cancer is persistent infection with certain high-risk types of HPV.
HPV is a very common virus that is usually passed through skin-to-skin sexual contact. Most HPV infections clear without treatment. However, if a high-risk type of HPV remains in the body for a prolonged period, it can cause abnormal changes to the cells of the cervix.
Factors that may increase the risk of developing cervical cancer include:
- Persistent infection with a high-risk type of HPV
- A weakened immune system
- Smoking
- Previous exposure to certain HPV-related conditions
- Not attending cervical screening regularly
- Certain long-term use of hormonal contraceptives
- A history of certain sexually transmitted infections
Having a risk factor does not mean that you will develop cervical cancer. Regular cervical screening and HPV vaccination can significantly reduce the risk of cervical cancer.
How Is Cervical Cancer Diagnosed?
If you have symptoms or an abnormal cervical screening result, you may be referred for further assessment.
The investigations you need will depend on your individual circumstances and may include:
Cervical Examination
A specialist may examine the cervix and surrounding areas to look for any visible abnormalities.
Colposcopy
A colposcopy uses a specialist microscope called a colposcope to examine the cervix in greater detail. The procedure allows areas of abnormal tissue to be identified more clearly.
Biopsy
If an area of concern is identified, a small sample of tissue may be taken during a biopsy. The sample is examined in a laboratory to determine whether abnormal or cancerous cells are present.
Imaging
If cervical cancer is diagnosed, imaging such as an MRI or CT scan may be recommended to assess the size and location of the cancer and determine whether it has spread beyond the cervix.
Other investigations may also be recommended depending on your diagnosis and individual circumstances.
Not every patient will require every test. Your specialist will explain the investigations recommended for you and what the results may mean.
Treatment Options
Treatment for cervical cancer depends on several factors, including the type and stage of the cancer, its location, whether it has spread and your general health.
Treatment may include:
Surgery
For some early-stage cervical cancers, surgery may be recommended to remove the cancer. Depending on the size and stage of the tumour, different surgical approaches may be considered.
In selected cases, fertility-sparing surgery may be possible for women who wish to have children in the future.
Radiotherapy
Radiotherapy uses high-energy radiation to destroy cancer cells. It may be used on its own or alongside other treatments, depending on the stage and characteristics of the cancer.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy uses medicines to destroy cancer cells or prevent them from growing. It may be given alongside radiotherapy or used as part of treatment for more advanced disease.
Chemoradiotherapy
For some patients, chemotherapy and radiotherapy are used together. This combination can increase the effectiveness of radiotherapy and may be recommended for certain stages of cervical cancer.
Targeted and Other Treatments
For some patients with advanced or recurrent cervical cancer, additional treatments may be considered, including targeted therapies or immunotherapy.
Your treatment plan will be personalised to your diagnosis and circumstances. Your specialist will explain why a particular treatment has been recommended and discuss the alternatives available to you.
Recovery and Aftercare
Recovery from cervical cancer treatment will vary depending on the type and extent of treatment you have received.
After surgery, you will be given advice about recovering at home, returning to normal activities and recognising symptoms that may require medical attention.
If you have received radiotherapy, chemotherapy or a combination of treatments, your recovery may involve managing side effects such as tiredness and changes to your bowel or bladder function.
Follow-up appointments are an important part of your aftercare. They provide an opportunity to monitor your recovery, review your symptoms and check for any signs that the cancer may have returned.
Treatment can also have an impact on fertility, sexual health, hormonal health and emotional wellbeing. These are important aspects of your overall care and should be discussed with your healthcare team.
Risks and Benefits of Treatment
Every cervical cancer treatment has potential benefits and risks. These will depend on the treatment recommended and your individual circumstances.
The potential benefits may include removing the cancer, controlling its growth, reducing symptoms and improving long-term outcomes.
As with any surgery, there can be risks such as bleeding, infection, blood clots and complications related to anaesthesia. Depending on the procedure, there may also be specific risks involving the bladder, bowel, reproductive organs or surrounding tissues.
Radiotherapy and chemotherapy can also cause side effects, which may vary from person to person. Some treatments can affect fertility, sexual function or hormonal health.
Before treatment begins, Mr Jafaru Abu will discuss the potential benefits, risks and alternatives with you. You will have the opportunity to ask questions and understand what the proposed treatment involves so that you can make an informed decision about your care.
Specialist Cervical Cancer Care
Being referred for investigation or receiving a diagnosis of cervical cancer can understandably feel overwhelming. Having clear information and access to specialist care can help you feel more confident about the decisions ahead.
At Gynae Solution, our aim is to provide personalised care, clear explanations and support throughout your treatment journey.
If you are experiencing symptoms, have received an abnormal cervical screening result or have been advised to see a gynaecological specialist, contact Gynae Solution to arrange a consultation with Mr Jafaru Abu.
Patient leaflets
Written for patients, relatives and hospital personnel, to read before your operation and to keep afterwards.
Total Laparoscopic Radical Trachelectomy
Fertility-preserving surgery for early stage cervical cancer, and what preserving the womb means for you.
Total Laparoscopic Hysterectomy
The four ways the uterus can be removed, and how they compare on hospital stay, pain relief and recovery.
Single Incision Laparoscopic Surgery
Key-hole surgery through one incision in the navel, often called scarless surgery.
Common questions
How soon can I be seen?
Daily appointments are available at The Park Hospital. Call the secretary on 0115 966 2049, or send an enquiry below and we will reply within 24 hours on business days.
Do I need a GP referral?
Referrals from GPs are welcome, and you can also enquire directly. If you are using private medical insurance, check with your insurer whether a referral is required for your policy. See GP referrals and fees and insurance.
What does a consultation cost?
A new consultation is £250 and a follow-up consultation is £150. The cost of any tests, procedures or surgery is quoted individually after your consultation. See fees and insurance.
Enquiries
Send us a message
Enquiries from patients and referring clinicians are both welcome. We endeavour to answer all enquiries within 24 hours on business days. If your case is urgent, please say so in your message or call the secretary directly.