Understanding cervical cancer

Cervical cancer develops in the cells of the cervix, the lower part of the womb that connects to the vagina. It is mainly caused by long-lasting infection with certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV), a very common virus passed on through sexual contact. Most people who have HPV never develop cervical cancer, because the immune system clears the virus. In some people, however, the virus persists and causes changes in the cells of the cervix that may, over time, become cancer.

Why cervical cancer is so preventable

Cervical cancer usually develops slowly, over many years. That gives screening the chance to find changes long before they turn into cancer. A smear test checks for high-risk HPV and for abnormal cells, which can then be monitored or treated. This is why cervical cancer is one of the most preventable cancers, and why regular screening matters so much. In the UK, women and people with a cervix are invited for screening from 25 to 64.

Vaccination adds a second layer of protection. The HPV vaccine protects against the types of HPV most likely to cause cervical cancer, and it works best when given before someone becomes sexually active. Together, vaccination and screening have led to fewer cases of cervical cancer in many parts of the world. Our post on the role of HPV in cervical cancer explains more.

Symptoms of cervical cancer

Early cervical cancer often causes no symptoms at all. When symptoms do appear, they may include:

• abnormal vaginal bleeding, such as after sex, between periods or after the menopause
• pelvic pain
• unusual vaginal discharge

These symptoms are much more often caused by something less serious, but they should always be checked. If cervical cancer is left untreated, it can spread to other parts of the body, such as the bladder, bowel, liver and lungs.

How is cervical cancer diagnosed?

If your smear test shows changes, or you have symptoms, you may be offered a colposcopy, a closer look at the cervix with a magnifying instrument. A small biopsy can be taken at the same time. If cancer is found, scans show its size and whether it has spread, which helps to plan treatment.

How is cervical cancer treated?

Treatment depends on the stage of the cancer and may include surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy or a combination. Early diagnosis is essential, because survival rates are high when cervical cancer is found early. For some women with small, early cancers who would like to have children, fertility-sparing surgery may be possible; see our fertility-sparing surgery page.

Protecting yourself

Cervical cancer is largely preventable. Have the HPV vaccine if you are offered it, go for your smear test every time you are invited, and see a doctor about any unusual bleeding. Awareness and regular check-ups are the best protection there is.

If you are anxious about screening, tell the nurse or doctor; they can make the test as comfortable as possible. Stopping smoking also helps, because smoking makes it harder for the body to clear HPV. And if you have missed a smear, you do not need to wait for a letter: you can book one now. Every test you attend is a positive step for your health.

The World Health Organization explains how cervical cancer can be prevented and eliminated, and Cancer Research UK describes the treatment options for cervical cancer. Read more on our cervical cancer page. If you are concerned about your gynaecological health, you can book a consultation with Mr Jafaru Abu to discuss screening, prevention and care tailored to you.