Understanding gynaecological cancers: what every woman should know

Gynaecological cancers are cancers that start in a woman's reproductive organs. There are five main types: cervical, ovarian, womb (uterine), vaginal and vulval cancer. Understanding gynaecological cancers matters, because finding them early can greatly improve the results of treatment. In this post I explain each type, the warning signs every woman should know, and what you can do to protect yourself.

The five main gynaecological cancers

Each type of gynaecological cancer is different, with its own risk factors, symptoms and treatments:

• Cervical cancer: usually caused by human papillomavirus (HPV), and often prevented by finding changes early through cervical screening.
• Ovarian cancer: often described as silent, because its symptoms, such as bloating and tummy discomfort, are vague and easy to overlook.
• Womb (endometrial) cancer: commonly linked to hormonal imbalance, and often causes abnormal vaginal bleeding early on.
• Vaginal and vulval cancers: rare but treatable, and often found through routine gynaecological examinations.

Symptoms of gynaecological cancers to watch for

It is important to pay attention to your body and recognise possible warning signs, including:

• unusual vaginal bleeding or discharge, especially after sex or after the menopause
• pelvic pain or pressure
• changes in bowel or bladder habits
• persistent bloating or tummy pain
• itching, burning, lumps or changes in the skin of the vulva

These symptoms usually have a less serious cause. Still, if a symptom is new, persistent or simply not normal for you, it is worth getting it checked. Cancer Research UK has a useful overview of womb cancer symptoms, and NICE explains when symptoms should lead to an urgent referral.

Preventing gynaecological cancers and finding them early

• Screening: regular smear tests, which check for HPV and abnormal cells, are essential for preventing cervical cancer.
• Vaccination: the HPV vaccine is a powerful way to reduce the risk of cervical cancer, and it also lowers the risk of some vaginal and vulval cancers.
• A healthy lifestyle: keeping to a healthy weight, eating a balanced diet and not smoking can all lower your overall risk of cancer.
• Know your family history: some gynaecological cancers run in families, so tell your doctor if close relatives have been affected.

Our post on how genetics play a role in gynaecological cancers explains inherited risk in more detail.

When to see a doctor

If you notice any unusual symptoms, see your GP or a gynaecologist promptly. Early diagnosis can save lives, and many gynaecological cancers are highly treatable when found early. There is never any need to feel embarrassed: gynaecologists talk about these symptoms every day, and your concerns will be taken seriously.

Talking about gynaecological cancers

Many women feel embarrassed to talk about intimate symptoms, and some delay seeking help as a result. Please do not let that stop you. Talking openly with friends and family can help too, because it encourages others to get checked. If you are worried, bring a list of your symptoms and questions to your appointment, and ask for a chaperone if that would help you feel more comfortable. Most importantly, trust your instincts: you know your body better than anyone.

Our approach at Gynae Solution

At Gynae Solution, we are committed to giving women clear information and expert care. Regular check-ups and an open conversation with your doctor are key to protecting your health and wellbeing. Mr Jafaru Abu treats the full range of gynaecological cancers, and our conditions and treatments page explains the care we offer.

To book a consultation with Mr Jafaru Abu at The Park Hospital, Nottingham, please get in touch.